首先介绍钻爆法、TBM/盾构法以及沉管法3种主要水下隧道建设方法的优点及不足，进而从地质条件、水流速度、水面交通、隧道埋深、通行车道数量、渗漏情况、工程总量、施工工期、施工安全、工程造价等方面对3种修建方法进行对比分析。最后重点分析当前水下隧道工程建设过程中存在的主要挑战与相应对策，主要包括： 沉管法施工中河床冲刷、管段局部高出河床、埋深增大的挑战及对策，盾构穿越浅覆土层、刀盘刀具磨损、埋深提高、轴承损坏及盾构通过断层和破碎地层施工中的挑战与对策。

The advantages and disadvantages of three major underwater tunnel construction methods, including drill and blast method, TBM/shield method and immersed tube method, are presented. Comparison and contrast is made among the three mentioned construction methods in terms of geological conditions, water flow velocity, water surface transportation, cover depth, number of traffic lanes, water leakage, work quantity, construction period, construction safety and construction cost. Finally, major challenges in the construction of underwater tunnels and their countermeasures are analyzed. In the construction of immersed tunnels, the erosion of the riverbed, the phenomenon of the local parts of tube elements being higher than the riverbed and the increasing cover depth are big challenges; in the TBM/shield method, boring under shallow cover, wearing of cutter heads and cutting tools, increasing cover depth, damage of main bearing and boring in fault and fracture zones are big challenges.