山岭隧道、穿江越海隧道和城市地下工程的建造已成为我国基础设施建设的重要组成部分，并逐步朝着“深、大、长”的方向发展。设计和施工人员不可避免地要应对山岭隧道和穿江越海隧道存在的高地应力、高地温、高瓦斯、高水压等恶劣的作业条件，以及城市地下工程截面和跨度越来越大且埋深浅带来的地面沉降难以控制等问题，并在不断思考如何扭转施工难度大、效率低和事故频发的现状。结合我国隧道和地下工程开发技术与装备的现状，总结出该领域面临的问题。针对问题，提出我国隧道和地下工程施工与装备发展方向，并给出相关建议： 1）出台有关新型隧道施工装备示范应用的政策文件，促进技术创新； 2）合理开发利用地下空间，发展绿色施工助力“双碳”行动； 3）开发盾构装备智能化技术，实现少人或无人作业； 4）加快开发复杂地质环境隧道施工新工法和新装备、极端工况条件下的隧道施工新型装备、城市地下工程关键核心技术和重大装备攻关，解决“卡脖子”问题。

The tunnels and urban underground projects have been a key part of infrastructure construction in China, and gradually develop toward deeper, larger, and longer. Complex geological conditions, as well as high ground stress, high ground temperature, high gas content, high water pressure, and other harsh operating conditions, are inevitably encountered during construction and efforts have been made to solve the problems of great construction difficulties, low efficiency, and frequent accidents. Based on the current situation of underground space development technology and equipment in China, the problems faced in this field are summarized. The development direction of tunnel and underground engineering construction and equipment in China is proposed. In order to cope with these problems, relevant suggestions are put forward: issue some policy documents on the demonstration and application of new tunnel construction equipment to promote technological innovation; rationally develop and utilize underground space, promote green construction and contribute to the carbon peak and neutrality target; develop intelligent technology for shield machines, so as to realize green operation and less manned or manless operation; accelerate the research on key technologies and major equipment to solve the bottleneck problems, developing new construction method and equipment for tunnel construction under complex geological environment and extreme working conditions, key technologies and major equipment for urban underground engineering.