为明确隧道进出洞施工时因渗漏而诱发的结构倒塌发展过程，设计并开展缩尺模型试验。根据相似关系设计模型试验，制作模型土体与模型盾构隧道。参考实际进出洞施工渗漏事故案例，触发模型盾构隧道渗漏，在模型箱内重现隧道结构倒塌的全过程，并观测事故发展过程中的地层响应、隧道外部土压力变化、隧道倒塌发展过程。通过分析隧道进出洞施工中不同位置发生渗漏后结构的倒塌响应，对比不同位置渗漏对隧道进出洞施工致灾发展过程的影响。试验研究发现： 1）隧道进出洞施工发生渗漏后，外部土体由于渗流侵蚀产生不稳定土洞，土洞经历了形成—失稳—再现的循环过程； 2）隧道结构倒塌是由不稳定土洞失稳坠落冲击隧道结构导致的； 3）隧道顶部和腰部2种不同位置渗漏后外部土体侵蚀发展的本质相同，但是不同渗漏位置产生的土洞形状有明显差异，导致最终隧道倒塌位置有所差异。

A scaled model test is conducted to clarify the development of structural collapse induced by seepage in tunnel entrances/exits.Model soil and shield tunnels are established using a similarity relation. In tunnel entrance/exit construction, seepage was triggered in the model shield tunnel, causing structural collapse. The response of the stratum, the change in the external load of the tunnel, the deformation of the tunnel, and the development of the tunnel collapse are observed. Finally, the structural response caused by seepage at different locations in the tunnel entrance/exit and the influence of different seepage locations on the collapse development are analyzed and compared. The experimental results demonstrate the following: (1) After seepage of the tunnel entrance/exit, unstable soil caves appear due to seepage erosion, experiencing a formation, destabilization, and reappearance cycle. (2) The impact of the unstable soil causes the tunnel to collapse structurally. (3) The mechanism of external soil erosion development in the tunnel due to tunnel crown and waist seepage varies, and the shapes of soil caves induced by seepage at different locations differ, resulting in collapse at different locations.