摘要： 随着岩体工程向深部发展，开挖引发的围岩大变形和强冲击诱发的动力破坏日益严峻。岩爆作为深部地下工程中常见的一种强动力灾害，被称为岩土工程界的“癌症”，其具有突发性特点，难以有效预报及防治，严重地威胁着施工人员的安全和设备的正常运行。通过对比岩石在真三轴卸荷和单轴压缩这2种应力路径下的储能差异，对岩爆多余能量机制进行探讨。首先，根据岩爆诱发机制的不同，将岩爆分为由应力集中导致的应变型岩爆和扰动诱发的冲击岩爆。然后，模拟开挖诱发的不同类型岩爆的应力路径进而在室内再现各种岩爆现象，并对其机制进行研究，自主研发3套真三轴岩爆模拟试验系统： 第1代应变岩爆试验系统、第2代应变岩爆试验系统、冲击岩爆试验系统。同时，在实验室内成功模拟不同类型的岩爆： 巷道应变岩爆、巷道交叉点应变岩爆、3个临空面矿柱应变岩爆、矿柱应变岩爆以及动荷载诱发的冲击岩爆。最后，为有效控制岩爆灾害，提出开挖补偿法，并研发具有负泊松比效应的宏观和微观NPR锚杆/索。工程实践证明，NPR锚杆/索能提供高预应力来补偿开挖造成的应力损失，同时具备良好的延展性和吸能效果，可为岩爆灾害的防治提供有效途径。
The challenges posed by
significant deformation of surrounding rock masses induced by excavation and
the dynamic failure triggered by strong impacts are becoming increasingly
severe as deep rock engineering advances. Rockburst, a common dynamic hazard in
deep underground engineering, is referred to as the "cancer" of the
geotechnical engineering community because of its suddenness. This
characteristic makes effective prediction and prevention difficult, thus
seriously endangering the safety of construction personnel and the normal
operation of equipment. In this study, the authors explore the mechanism of
excess energy in rockburst by comparing the energy storage differences of rocks
under true triaxial unloading and uniaxial compression stress paths. Rockbursts
are categorized into strainburst and disturbanceinduced impact rockbursts on the basis of different mechanisms of
rockburst initiation. To simulate the stress paths of different types of
rockbursts induced by excavation and reproduce various rockburst phenomena
indoors for mechanism research, the authors′ team
independently developed three sets of true triaxial rockburst simulation
experimental systems. They are 1-G strainburst, 2-G strainburst, and impact rockburst experimental systems. Different
types of rockbursts were successfully simulated in the laboratory. The authors
include roadway strainbursts, roadway intersection strainbursts, strainbursts
of three free face pillars, strainbursts of pillars, and impact rockbursts
induced by dynamic loads. The authors propose an excavation compensation method
and develope macroscopic and microscopic anchors/cables with negative Poisson′s ratio(NPR) effects to effectively control rockburst disasters.
Engineering practice has proven that NPR anchors/cables can provide high
prestress to compensate for stress loss caused by excavation. Moreover, they
possess good ductility and energy absorption effects. As a result, NPR
anchors/cables offer an effective approach for the prevention and control of
rockburst disasters.
