为揭示寒区隧道衬砌渗水挂冰发育规律，研制出一套模拟地表水补给条件下寒区隧道衬砌渗水挂冰发育的模型试验装置，实时监测渗水断面围岩温度和挂冰发育过程；
采用Image-J软件测量挂冰图像截面积和线性回归分析方法分析挂冰发育过程，研究不同风速和围岩初始温度条件下渗水点围岩温度和挂冰堵塞率演变规律。结果表明： 1)挂冰开始发育时刻，随着风速的增大和围岩初始温度的升高，渗水点围岩临界温度逐渐升高； 渗水点围岩温度随冷却时间逐渐降低，近似呈对数函数关系；
风速越小、围岩初始温度越高，平均降温速率越慢，挂冰发育持续时间越长； 当风速分别为0.6 m/s和1.2 m/s时，由于渗水断面围岩冻结圈的形成和衬砌内壁冰体封堵渗水点导致衬砌挂冰停止发育。2)挂冰堵塞率与时间近似呈线性关系，风速越小、围岩初始温度越高，挂冰开始发育的时间越晚，冻害严重程度越高，而紧急程度越低。
A model test device is
developed to simulate water seepage and ice formation on tunnel linings in cold
regions based on surface water supply conditions. This device allows real-time monitoring of the surrounding rock′s
temperature and the ice formation process on leak sections. Furthermore, Image-J software measures the cross-sectional area
of ice, and linear regression analysis is used to analyze the ice development
process. The authors examine distribution of temperature of the surrounding
rock at the leakage point and the evolution of ice blockage rate under
different wind speeds and initial rock temperatures. Following are the findings
from the study: (1) At the beginning of ice formation on the lining, increased
wind speed and initial rock temperature leads to higher critical temperature at
the leakage point. The temperature of the surrounding rock at this point
gradually decreases with cooling time, following a logarithmic distribution.
Low wind speeds and high initial temperatures result in slow average cooling
rate and prolonged ice formation. At wind speeds of 0.6 and 1.2 m/s, the frozen
circles form in the surrounding rock, and the inner wall ice eventually seals
the leakage section, respectively, halting further ice development. (2) The ice
blockage rate on the lining correlates linearly with time. Low wind speeds and
high initial temperatures delay the onset of ice formation, increase frost
damage severity, and reduce urgency.
