为明确高速列车产生的气动噪声在隧道内的分布特性，基于大涡模拟和声扰动方程建立隧道环境近场气动噪声数值仿真模型，采用移动壁面法实现固定列车与环境的相对运动，开展不同列车速度单线和双线隧道环境下近场气动噪声数值仿真，数值仿真与现场试验结果具有较好的一致性。数值仿真结果表明： 1）在列车转向架和受电弓等复杂几何结构附近产生显著的非定常涡结构时，会在附近引起较强的湍流压力脉动。2）气动噪声以列车转向架和受电弓等非定常流动较为复杂的结构为核心向四周传播，在靠近列车行驶线路的双线隧道拱脚处气动噪声较高，400 km/h列车速度下低于车顶平面的隧道表面声压级平均值为124.5 dB，比车顶以上的隧道表面高1.5 dB；而在单线隧道中，声压级在隧道空间中以列车为中心展向对称分布，其拱顶和拱脚附近声压级量值相近，均约为129 dB。3）不同列车速度下，拱脚和拱腰处测点气动噪声频谱相似，均为200~1 000 Hz频段下的气动噪声声压级较高，且未出现显著峰值噪声； 拱脚处气动噪声高于拱腰处气动噪声，在1 000 Hz以上频段的差别较为明显。
To characterize the
distribution of aerodynamic noise produced by high-speed trains running in tunnels, a numerical simulation model for
near-field aerodynamic noise in tunnel environments is
established based on large eddy simulation and the acoustic perturbation
equations. The relative motion between stationary trains and the surrounding
environment is modeled using the moving wall method. Numerical simulations of
near-field aerodynamic noise are conducted for
single-and double-track tunnels at different speeds,
demonstrating good agreement with field test results. The key findings are as
follows: (1) Significant unsteady vortex structures form near complex geometric
features such as train bogies and pantographs, leading to strong local
turbulent pressure pulsations. (2) Aerodynamic noise propagates outward from
these unsteady flow structures. In double-track
tunnels, higher aerodynamic noise levels are observed near the haunches close
to the train track. At a train speed of 400 km/h, the average sound pressure
level (SPL) on the tunnel surface below the train roof is 124.5 dB, which is
1.5 dB higher than that above the train roof. In single-track tunnels, the sound energy is symmetrically distributed around
the train, with similar SPL values of approximately 129 dB near the tunnel
crown and haunches. (3) At different train speeds, the aerodynamic noise
spectra at the haunch and arch foot measurement points exhibit similar
characteristics, with higher SPLs in the 200-1 000 Hz
frequency range and no distinct noise peaks. The aerodynamic noise at the
tunnel arch foot is higher than that at the haunch, with more pronounced
differences above 1 000 Hz.
