为解决全断面岩石隧道掘进机（TBM）在不良地质段卡机频发且严重制约施工效率的难题，基于典型工程案例的调研，根据卡机成因与TBM受力情况，将TBM卡机分为应力型卡机和重力型卡机2类，明确2类卡机的防控重点，并建立低、中、高3级卡机风险分级体系。针对应力型卡机，提出TBM扩挖、初期柔性支护等技术措施；针对重力型卡机，提出超前加固、扩挖同步防护和整体抗冲击性设计等技术策略。同时，创新研发双结构TBM、钻爆与掘进一体化的新型掘爆机BBM以及分步开挖的子母TBM等新型机型，显著提升TBM在复杂地质条件下的适应性和安全性。上述技术可有效降低隧道掘进机卡机风险，提高施工效率，部分技术已成功应用于高黎贡山隧道等典型工程中，可有效应对软岩大变形与断层破碎带。
Addressing the challenging problem of frequent full-face rock tunnel boring machine (TBM) jamming in adverse geological sections, which severely restricts construction efficiency, the authors, based on mechanical analysis and construction practices of typical engineering cases, propose two types of jamming: stress-induced jamming (arising from the convergence and extrusion of surrounding rock under high ground stress) and gravity-induced jamming (resulting from the collapse of fractured surrounding rock). The authors clarify the essential prevention and control points for both and establish a three-level jamming risk classification system (low, medium, and high). For stress-induced jamming, proposed technical measures include insitu ground stress release, TBM over excavation, and primary flexible support; while for gravity-induced jamming, technical strategies are proposed, including advance reinforcement, synchronous protection during over-excavation, and an overall impact resistance design for the TBM. Furthermore, new machine types have been innovatively developed, such as the dual-structure TBM, the boring and blasting machine integrating drilling-blasting and tunneling, and the parent-child TBM for step-by-step excavation. These solutions collectively improve the adaptability and safety of TBMs in complex geological conditions. The abovementioned technologies are proven to effectively reduce the jamming risk of TBMs and improve construction efficiency, with some already successfully applied in typical projects such as the Gaoligongshan tunnel. There, they effectively addressed challenges of large deformation in soft rocks and fault fracture zones, thereby providing a systematic and valuable engineering solution for safe and efficient TBM tunneling in adverse geological conditions.
