我国西北地区高铁线路长大隧道、隧道群分布密集，且线路气压环境受海拔影响持续变化，动车组频繁穿越此类复杂隧道环境时，车内压力波动显著加剧，从而影响车内人员耳部压力舒适性。为解决该问题，基于西成线秦岭山区段（西安北—汉中）和宝兰线（天水—兰州）的实车试验数据，系统研究高速动车组通过不同线路时车内外压力波动规律、压力舒适性及整车气密效率的变化特性。结果表明： 1）隧道坡度增大显著加剧车内压力波动，25‰坡度下Δp/1 s和Δp/3 s分别增加了64.8%和51.35%； 2）隧道群会恶化动车组车内外压力舒适性环境，导致车内压力累积下降，且不同车厢间压力峰峰值差异小于4.44%，R2>98.61%； 3）基于UIC 660的压力舒适度评价指数PCI显示，西成线秦岭山区段压力舒适度劣于宝兰线，且同一线路下行方向更易引发耳部不适； 4）不同线路环境下客室压力保护阀开闭特征不同，通过宝兰线不同隧道动车组的整车气密效率均值为0.77，较西成线秦岭山区段高60.4%。
High-speed railway lines in northwestern China include densely distributed long tunnels and tunnel groups, where continuous variations in air pressure arise from altitude changes. When electric multiple units (EMUs) frequently traverse such complex tunnel environments, pressure fluctuations inside passenger compartments intensify, adversely affecting passengers′ aural comfort. In this study, based on full-scale real-train test data from the Qinling Mountains section of the Xi′an-Chengdu high-speed railway and the Baoji-Lanzhou high-speed railway, the characteristics of internal/external pressure fluctuations, pressure comfort, and airtightness efficiency of high-speed EMUs operating on different lines are systematically investigated. The results show that (1) increasing tunnel slope significantly amplifies internal pressure fluctuations, with Δp/1 s and Δp/3 s rising by 64.8% and 51.35%, respectively, under a 25‰ slope; (2) tunnel groups degrade pressure comfort both inside and outside the train, causing cumulative internal pressure reductions, although peak-to-peak pressure variations between compartments remain below 4.44% (R2> 98.61%); (3) the pressure comfort index, evaluated using UIC 660, indicates that passenger comfort in the Qinling Mountains section of the Xi′an-Chengdu high-speed railway is inferior to that of the Baoji-Lanzhou high-speed railway, with the downward direction on the same line more prone to inducing aural discomfort; and (4) the opening/closing characteristics of passenger compartment pressure protection valves vary with line environment. The average airtightness efficiency of EMUs on the Baoji-Lanzhou high-speed railway is 0.77, which is 60.4% higher than that of the Qinling Mountains section of the Xi′an-Chengdu high-speed railway.
