高地热环境下施工隧道火灾烟气分层特征

doi:10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2026.04.003

隧道建设（中英文） ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (4): 682-693.DOI: 10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2026.04.003

高地热环境下施工隧道火灾烟气分层特征

范传刚¹，哈佳怡¹，费孝贤¹，刘懋桢¹，朱琴琴¹，余龙星^{2， *}

（1. 中南大学土木工程学院，湖南长沙 410075； 2. 福州大学环境与安全工程学院，福建福州 350116）

出版日期:2026-04-20 发布日期:2026-04-20
作者简介:范传刚(1988—)，男，山东济南人，2015年毕业于中国科学技术大学,安全科学与工程专业，博士，教授,现从事地下空间(隧道、地铁)和高层建筑火灾燃烧和烟气流动特性及防控方法研究等工作。 E-mail: chuangang.fan@csu.edu.cn。 *通信作者：余龙星， E-mail: Longxing.Yu@fzu.edu.cn。

Smoke Stratification Characteristics of Tunnel Fires Under Construction in High-Geothermal Environment

FAN Chuangang¹, HA Jiayi¹, FEI Xiaoxian¹, LIU Maozhen¹, ZHU Qinqin¹, YU Longxing^{2, *}

(1. School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, Hunan, China; 2. School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, Fujian, China)

Online:2026-04-20 Published:2026-04-20

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对高地热环境下施工隧道火灾风险高的问题，通过1∶20的缩尺寸高地热施工隧道试验台，以火源位置、油盘尺寸、地热温度为变量，结合缩尺试验与理论分析揭示其烟气分层特性的有关规律。结果表明： 1）高地热环境的影响主要体现在地热区域垂直温升分布的下层冷空气温度。地热区域下层冷空气温度整体上升明显且随地热温度上升而上升，但非地热区域下层冷空气与环境温度基本保持一致。2）发现Newman提出的烟气分层状态理论模型可用于评价高地热环境火源下游（靠近隧道洞口方向）烟气分层稳定性，且临界值同样为ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg=1.70（ΔT_cf为隧道顶部下方温度与地面温度差；ΔT_avg为隧道横截面平均温升）。无论火源位于地热区还是非地热区，虽然随着地热温度的升高ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg下降（即烟气分层稳定性下降），但比值整体仍然高于临界值1.70，即下游烟气分层明显。烟气在向隧道洞口蔓延过程中，ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg先上升后下降，其影响机制不同，即在非地热区域上游部分，主要是隧道底部温度降低主导下的ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg上升；靠近隧道洞口，则是卷吸效应主导下的ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg下降。3）随着地热环境温度的提高，在诱导气流增强主导下量纲为一的烟气层厚度增加。

关键词: 高地热, 施工隧道火灾, 烟气分层, 烟气层厚度

Abstract: Tunnels under construction in high-geothermal environments are susceptible to fire risks. To address this issue, a 1∶20-scale experimental platform simulating high-geothermal conditions is established, with fire source location, oil pan size, and geothermal temperature as variables. The smoke stratification characteristics are investigated through scale experiments and theoretical analyses. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) In the vertical temperature profile of the geothermal area, the temperature of the lower cold air layer is primarily governed by the high-geothermal environment, exhibiting a considerable increase that becomes more pronounced with rising geothermal temperatures. In contrast, the temperature of the lower cold air layer in the non-geothermal area remains essentially consistent with the ambient temperature. (2) The theoretical model of smoke stratification proposed by Newman is applied to evaluate the stability of smoke stratification downstream of the fire source (near the tunnel portal) in high-geothermal environments. The model adopts a critical value of ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg=1.70 (with ΔT_cf being the tunnel crown-to-ground temperature difference, and ΔT_avg the average temperature rise across the tunnel section). The ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg ratio exceeds 1.70 regardless of fire source location, indicating clear downstream smoke stratification. This ratio decreases with increasing geothermal temperature, suggesting reduced smoke stratification stability. As smoke spreads toward the tunnel portal, ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg initially rises and then declines, governed by different mechanisms: in the upstream non-geothermal area, the initial rise is attributable to decreasing tunnel bottom temperature, whereas near the tunnel portal, the subsequent ΔT_cf/ΔT_avg decline is attributable to the entrainment effect. (3) The thickness of the onedimensional smoke layer increases with rising geothermal temperature.

Key words: high geotherm, construction tunnel fire, smoke stratification, smoke layer thickness

范传刚, 哈佳怡, 费孝贤, 刘懋桢, 朱琴琴, 余龙星. 高地热环境下施工隧道火灾烟气分层特征[J]. 隧道建设, 2026, 46(4): 682-693.

FAN Chuangang, HA Jiayi, FEI Xiaoxian, LIU Maozhen, ZHU Qinqin, YU Longxing. Smoke Stratification Characteristics of Tunnel Fires Under Construction in High-Geothermal Environment[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2026, 46(4): 682-693.

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[2]	王玉锁，杨超，叶跃忠，唐建辉，陈龙，曾宏飞. 高地热环境隧道衬砌结构受力特征模型试验研究[J]. 隧道建设, 2013, 33(10): 809-814.

高地热环境下施工隧道火灾烟气分层特征

Smoke Stratification Characteristics of Tunnel Fires Under Construction in High-Geothermal Environment

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