为解决盾构主轴承服役载荷无法直接表征、主轴承试验评价缺乏载荷谱的问题，提出一种主轴承复杂工况的载荷表征方法。首先，对带有伸缩摆动机构的主驱动进行受力分析并建立模型，根据主驱动力学模型，选取伸缩摆动式主驱动相关联的伸缩缸压力、位移、电机转矩等22项数据为分析参量，结合平衡方程与掘进过程中各特征数据及驱动姿态位置确定方程未知量； 其次，依托大连地铁隧道项目，分析工程地质情况，提取盾构施工特征数据，利用雨流计数、分布估计、载荷外推等统计分析方法，编制主轴承载荷谱； 最后，将编制的载荷谱用于主轴承寿命计算验证。研究结果表明，使用此方法能够准确表征某种工程地质工况下主轴承载荷水平，可为后续主轴承设计及试验评价提供载荷依据。

Presently, the load of the shield main bearing cannot be directly characterized, and the load spectrum of evaluation tests is unavailable. Therefore, a load characterization method for the shield main bearing under complex operating conditions is proposed herein. Initially, the force analysis of the main drive with a telescopic swing mechanism is conducted, and a model is established. Subsequently, based on the main drive mechanical model, 22 parameters including pressure, displacement, and motor torque of the telescopic cylinder associated with the main drive of the telescopic swing are selected as analytical parameters, and the unknown quantity in the equation is determined based on the balance equation with the characteristic data and the driving attitude in the tunneling process. Thereafter, the engineering geological conditions of a metro tunnel in Dalian, China, are analyzed, and the construction characteristic data of the shield are extracted. Further, the load spectrum of the main bearing is compiled by statistical analysis methods such as rain flow counting, distribution estimation, and load extrapolation. Finally, the compiled load spectrum is utilized to verify the calculated life of the main bearing. The results show that the proposed method can accurately characterize the load level of the main bearing under certain engineering geological conditions and provide a load basis for the subsequent design and testing of main bearings.