The authors review the global research status and development process of deep underground space development and utilization from a multidisciplinary perspective. Two types of basic characteristics of deep underground environments are analyzed emphatically: (1) the insitu occurrence characteristics cover the stability of geological structures, constant-temperature-and-humidity environmental characteristics, and propagation patterns of vibration waves; and (2) the development and utilization characteristics deeply discuss the closed isolation of deep underground space, the uniqueness of construction, operation, and maintenance, the irreversibility of space development, and the strong correlation with surface resources. Based on such division, three long-standing and urgent core contradictions in the design of deep underground human living environments—the contradiction between the highly isolated occurrence environment and human physiological adaptation demands, that between limited spatial perception conditions and psychological cognition and positioning demands, and that between highly constrained development and utilization modes and the demands for flexible and efficient operation and maintenance adaptation tension—are highlighted. To address these contradictions, three core design concepts including “natural symbiosis, people-oriented principle, and integrated coordination”, are proposed, and an adaptive logic system considering three different operating conditions—open loop, long-term closed loop, and short-term closed loop—is constructed. Based on the empirical analysis of typical cases, such as Derinkuyu Underground City and Survival Condo, differentiated scenario design concepts are proposed. For war refuge scenarios, a full-cycle resource self-circulation system is recommended to ensure long-term survival; for biochemical crisis scenarios, hierarchical protection and emergency isolation mechanisms are emphasized; for urban central area space expansion scenarios, an integrated spatial linkage and functional complementary mode between underground and above-ground spaces is advocated. The analysis demonstrates that scientific physical environment design and psychological intervention strategies can effectively alleviate the negative impact of deep underground environments on human living experience, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the scientific development and sustainable construction of deep underground spaces in the future.