To solve the large-scale nonlinear simulation problems of ancient structure vibration on soil-rock composite strata induced by tunnel blasting, using the “zonal modeling-interface coupling” method, the blast source-stratum-structure dynamic system is decomposed into a refined near-blast source model and a vibration response analysis model for the soil-rock composite strata-structure system. A zonal coupling boundary is established to enable real time transmission of dynamic deformation between the two submodels, forming a zonal coupling analysis method capable of efficiently simulating the dynamic effects of tunnel blasting on soil-rock composite strata-structure systems. An improved Friedlander equation is adopted to simulate the transient air shock wave generated by internal explosions on the surface of cylindrical blast holes. The HJC constitutive model and the generalized non-Masing constitutive model are employed to simulate the dynamic damage process of surrounding rock in the near-blast source area and the nonlinear hysteretic characteristics of site soil, respectively. The proposed method considerably reduces computational time while maintaining calculation accuracy, offering strong engineering applicability. Comparison with results from the integral model of the blast sourcestratum dynamic system verifies the effectiveness of the zonal coupling dynamic analysis method in simulating the generation and propagation of blasting seismic waves under typical urban site conditions; its computational time is only 11.5% of that of the integral model. The attenuation characteristics of surface environmental vibration in soil-rock composite strata and the vibration responses of adjacent ancient building structures are investigated. The results indicate the following: (1) The Sadovsky fitting coefficients K and α of soil-rock composite strata are higher than those of lithological strata. (2) The overlying soil layer exhibits considerable vibration reduction and energy dissipation effects, and the soil-rock interface exerts a pronounced filtering effect on high-frequency components. (3) The hysteretic damping effect of soil under irregular cyclic loading and unloading considerably attenuates the vibration response induced by blasting seismic waves.