The effectiveness of composition mode of primary support has been controversial. A large number of field testes have been carried out on the effectiveness of the different composition modes of primary support of Menghua Railway Tunnel under construction. The measurement items include crown top subsidence, horizontal convergence, axial force of anchor bolt and stress of shotcrete and steel frame. Tests are carried out on granite, slate, sand mudstone and loess strata; the representative data of granite of Grade Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ and loess of Grade Ⅴ are analyzed, and the effectivenesses of different compositions of steel mesh shotcrete, steel frame and systematic anchor bolt in primary support of deep rock and soil tunnel are studied. The results show that: 1) The composition mode of steel mesh shotcrete+steel frame+systematic anchor bolt of primary support can not work effectively at present, and can be improved. 2) The anchor bolt can be canceled for its useless in soil or shallow broken rock tunnel primary support; and steel mesh shotcrete+steel frame mode can be adopted. 3) The composition mode of steel mesh shotcrete+steel frame and steel mesh shotcrete+systematic anchor can be adopted selectively in deep rock tunnel primary support. The composition mode of steel mesh shotcrete+steel frame of primary support is rational and feasible considering the uncontrollable present quality of construction machinery and systematic anchor bolt.