At present, the traditional loosen load theory (resemble loadstructure method) and numerical analysis method have been widely adopted in the calculation and analysis of the underground structure. In terms of structure construction and construction technology, the modern bearing capacity theory of surrounding rock (resemble layerstructure method) is mainly used. However, the hypothesis of deformation coordinated control implied in these theories and methods has been regularly ignored in practical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to further develop new theories and methods to meet the needs of practical application. Based on a large number of engineering practices and experiments, the correlation between the effective bearing structure layer of underground engineering and the law of load transfer of surrounding rock is revealed, and the equilibrium and stability theory of underground engineering is established. The theory can reflect the traditional loosen load theory and modern bearing capacity theory and can widen the equilibrium and stability. In addition, four key technologies, i.e. the energy control technology, the presupporting technology, the comprehensive technology of independent stress, and the deformation coordinated control technology. The rational application of these technologies will facilitate the classification prevention and control of engineering risks by means of the existing or new achievements, which can provide a new basis for solving the new underground engineering problems.