In this paper, the composition of disaster prevention and evacuation rescue system of long and large railway tunnel, i.e. civil structure facilities, mechanical and electrical equipment facilities, monitoring system, management system and evacuation mode, is introduced. And then the research and implementation status and problems of fire characteristics and disaster causing mechanism, civil structure design and optimization, mechanical and electrical equipment and facilities optimization, monitoring system and emergency evacuation and rescue are analyzed based on relevant research results of disaster prevention and evacuation rescue projects in general areas and high altitude areas. Meanwhile, the research and development direction of fire spread and heat release rate, optimization of civil engineering parameters, applicability inspection and durability maintenance of equipment and facilities, and application of monitoring system in intelligent evacuation are put forward. Finally, the research contents that need to be further carried out in terms of 5 aspects mentioned above are proposed for tunnel development.