In order to solve the issues of low efficiency and poor geological adaptability for the traditional caisson construction method, a kind of mechanical excavation caisson boring machine is proposed, that is, cutting drum is used to excavate rock and soil, grab bucket or slurry pump mucking. The wellbore assembled with prefabricated segments is controlled to sink through the pressure lifting device, and onetime well formation is realized by the simultaneous construction of excavation and drainage. The authors systematically introduce the working principle, system composition, and main engine parameters of caisson boring machine, and elaborate the key technologies such as wellbore pressure lifting and deviation correction, free section excavation contour control, and summarize a set of construction technology matching with the boring machine. Finally, by simulating different working conditions and geological conditions, the whole process of the integrated machine functional test verification is performed, which proves that the performance of the caisson boring machine can meet the design requirements.