Muck Caking Grading and Intelligent Early Warning for Earth Pressure Balance Shield Tunneling Based on K-means Clustering

ZHAO Wei, TAN Shuang, LIU Yanglu, LI Feihu, WANG Shuying, ZENG Junhao, YUAN Xiao

Tunnel Construction . 2026, (9): 1904 -1915 . DOI: 10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2026.09.007