Abstract: This study addresses the challenges posed by hard rock bursts in drilling and blasting tunnels, particularly under extra deep burial depth, extreme tectonic stress, and complex geological conditions in the western plateau areas of China. A comprehensive rock burst prevention and control technology system that spans the entire process and time domain was developed. This system emphasizes accurate detection, precise identification, active control, systematic protection, long-term monitoring, and dynamic management. It is grounded in systematic statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal characteristics of instantaneous rock bursts occurring in drilling and blasting tunnels on plateau railways. The analysis results indicate that: (1) The high geostress environment is the primary factor contributing to rock bursts, with instantaneous rock bursts occurring within 8 hours after blasting excavation primarily found within a range of one tunnel diameter near the working face. (2) Comprehensive prevention and control of instantaneous rock bursts in tunnels rely on a combination of active control and systematic protection. Active control measures include the implementation of advance stress relief holes, the management of smooth blasting outcomes and excavation lengths, the use of a shotcrete-bolting active support system consisting of steel fiber shotcrete and prestressed rock bolts, and integrated construction of profile steel frames and energy dissipation protection nets. Systematic protection focuses on large-scale mechanized construction, personnel, and equipment across all the processes.

Key words: deep-buried tunnel, instantaneous rock burst, spatial and temporal characteristics, comprehensive prevention and control, active support