About author:Martin C. Knights, International Tunneling Asoociation 2007—2010, Halcrows Global Tunnel and Geotechnical Practice Leader, has hearly 40 years erperience in the Eiril engineering indaitny pati calonly with anderground projects in urban and sabaqueous eavironmenes. He has worked on tunnel,hydro,transport and water projects in the U.K., USA, South Africa, Switzerland, and Saudia Arabia. He has recently undertaken peer reciew for Engineering and Tunnelling aspects of the Thameswater London Tideway Tunnels Project. He is the expert panel member for tunnels/shafts/stations for London Crossrial project for Government and City Transport Sponsor.