Abstract: A model test device is developed to simulate water seepage and ice formation on tunnel linings in cold regions based on surface water supply conditions. This device allows real-time monitoring of the surrounding rock′s temperature and the ice formation process on leak sections. Furthermore, Image-J software measures the cross-sectional area of ice, and linear regression analysis is used to analyze the ice development process. The authors examine distribution of temperature of the surrounding rock at the leakage point and the evolution of ice blockage rate under different wind speeds and initial rock temperatures. Following are the findings from the study: (1) At the beginning of ice formation on the lining, increased wind speed and initial rock temperature leads to higher critical temperature at the leakage point. The temperature of the surrounding rock at this point gradually decreases with cooling time, following a logarithmic distribution. Low wind speeds and high initial temperatures result in slow average cooling rate and prolonged ice formation. At wind speeds of 0.6 and 1.2 m/s, the frozen circles form in the surrounding rock, and the inner wall ice eventually seals the leakage section, respectively, halting further ice development. (2) The ice blockage rate on the lining correlates linearly with time. Low wind speeds and high initial temperatures delay the onset of ice formation, increase frost damage severity, and reduce urgency.

Key words: tunnels in cold regions, lining seepage and ice hanging, model test, surrounding rock temperature field, ice hanging and limit intrusion