Abstract: Urban tunnel landscape design requires consideration of pedestrian and driver visual perception. Existing design methods typically focus on either static or dynamic conditions. The lack of systematic approaches that integrate both aspects stems from the unclear relationship between static physical parameters and drivers′ dynamic visual perception. This study aims to reveal the intrinsic connections between physical stimuli and biological responses during drivers′ visual perception processes as well as develop a humanfactorsoriented design methodology for urban tunnel landscapes. Through literature review and field survey of 50 urban tunnels in China, key physical parameters and categories of urban tunnel landscapes are identified under standard lighting conditions. Based on existing experimental data, the effects of individual physical variables on biological responses are examined and the complex correlational mechanisms of multiple parameter interactions are revealed, leading to design optimization principles that balance safety and comfort. The results indicate the following. (1) Drivers′ biological responses result from the synergistic effects of multiple physical parameters, indicating complex correlational relationships. (2) A refined urban tunnel landscape design should comprehensively consider differences between static and dynamic human perception, with color and pattern serving as key physical parameters requiring coordinated unity and contrast, whereas frequency emphasizes rhythmicity. (3) Three pathways exist between physical parameters and drivers′ perception: emotion regulation, attention allocation, and speed perception.

Key words: urban tunnel landscape, static perception, dynamic perception, physical indicators, physiological indicators, correlation