Abstract: The scale of operating railway tunnels in China is huge, and treatment of structure diseases is an important task of operation and maintenance. The technical measures for the treatment of structure diseases in operating railway tunnels are systematically reviewed from four aspects: basic situation of diseases, research status, engineering cases, and development trends. First, railway tunnel diseases are investigated and types and causes of structure diseases in operating railway tunnels are analyzed. Tunnel diseases can be divided into main structure diseases, ancillary structure diseases, and ancillary facility diseases by occurrence location. Structure diseases and defects of operating railway tunnels are mainly water seepage/leakage and cracking of lining, tunnel floor diseases, and voids behind lining. The causes of structure diseases are diverse, and generally can be summarized as external and internal factors. External factors include two aspects: external forces and the environment, while internal factors comprise three aspects: materials, construction, and design. Second, the development status and trend of treatment technologies for structure diseases in operating railway tunnels are studied and analyzed. Current efforts have focused on diversified explorations in treatment materials, equipment, methods, and decision-making systems, forming a foundation for the collaborative application of multiple technologies. Subsequently, typical engineering cases are analyzed to assess the practical application of existing technologies, identifying key needs for technological optimization. Finally, the development trends of structure disease treatment technologies for operating railway tunnels are analyzed. Main develobment trends include: (1) In terms of materials, the development trend is super-strength, durable, green, and low-carbon materials, e.g., basalt fiber reinforced composite materials. (2) In terms of equipment, it is developing towards integration, automation, and multi-functionalization. For example, a comprehensive treatment trolley, on the basis of automatic lifting platform, is equipped with grouting equipment with mixing, drilling, grouting, and inspection functions, lining demolition equipment with lining demolition and reconstruction functions, and anchoring and shotcreting equipment with anchoring and shotcreting functions. (3) In terms of construction methods, more attention will be paid to the development of rapid construction technologies combining new materials and equipment, such as prefabricated construction, shotcreting and 3D printing technologies. (4) In terms of intelligent recommendation decision-making system, it is developing towards intelligence, comprehensiveness, and guidance.

Key words: operating railway tunnels, structure diseases, disease treatment, materials, equipment, treatment methods, treatment system